Q&A 영역
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1. The basic objective of financial statements is to provide information useful
for making economic decisions.
2. An objective of financial statements is to serve primarily those users who
have limited authority, ability, or resources to obtain information and who rely
on financial statements as their principal source of information about an
enterprise's economic activities.
3. An objective of financial statements is to provide information useful to
investors and creditors for predicting, comparing, and evaluating protential
cash flows to them in term terms of amount, timing, and related uncertainty.
4. An objective of financial statements is to provide users with information
for predicting, comparing, and evaluating enterprise earning power.
5. An objective of financial statements is to supply information useful in
judging management's ability to utilize enterprise resources effectively in
achieving the primary enterprise goal.
6. An objective of financial statements is to provide factual and interpretive
information about transactions and other events which is useful for predicting,
comparing, and evaluating enterprise earning power. Basic underlying assumptions
with respect to matters subjec to interpretation, evaluation, prediction, or
estumation should be disclosed.
7. An objective is to provide a statement of financial position, useful for
predicting, comparing, and evaluating enterprise earning power. This statement
should provide information concerning enterprise transactions and other events
that are part of incomplete earning cycles. Current values should also be
reported when they differ significantly from historical costs. Assets and
liabilities should be grouped or segregated by the relative uncertainty of the
amount and timing of prospective realization or liquidation.
8. An objective is to provide a statement of periodic earnings useful for
predicting, comparing, and evaluating enterprise earning power. The net result
of completed earnings cycles and enterprise activities resulting in recognizable
progress toward completion of incomplete cycles should be reported. Changes in
the values reflected in successive statements of financial position should be
reported, but separately, since they differ in terms of their certainty of
realization.
9. Another objective is to provide a statement of financial activities useful
for predicting, comparing, and evaluating enterprise earning power. This
statement should report mainly on factual aspects of enterprise transsactions
having or expected to have significant cash consequences. This statement should
report data that require minimal judgment and interpretation by the preparer.
10. An objective of financial statements is to provide information useful for
the predictive process. Financial forecasts should be provided when they will
enhance the reliability of user's predictions.
11. An objective of financial statements for governmental and not-for-profit
organizations is to provide information useful for evaluating the effectiveness
of the management of resources in achieving the organization's goals.
Performance measures should be quantified in terms of identified goals.
12. An objective of financial statements is to report on those activities of
the enterprise that affect society which can be determined and described or
measured and which are important to the role of the enterprise in its social
environment.
Research Director and the Administrative Director, respectively, of the Staff
for the Study Group. Exhibit 1.1 shows the arrangement of Sorter and Gans. The
Anton structuring agrees with Sorter and Gans on most major points.
EXHIBIT 1.1 Hierarchy of Objectives
그림 생략
Funtions of Accounting
An accounting system consists of the methods, procedures, and devices used by
an entity to keep track of its financial activities and to summarize these
activities in a manner useful to decision makers. To accomlish these objectives,
an accounting system may make use of compiters and video displays as well as
handwritten records and reports printed on paper. In fact, the accounting system
for any sizable business is likely to include all these records and devices.
Regardless of whether the accounting system is simple or sophisticated, three
basic steps must be performed as data concerning financial activities is
collected and processed - the data must be recorded, classified, and
appropriately summarized.
Step 1 - recording financial activity. The first function of an accounting
system is to create a systematic record of the daily business activity, in terms
of money. For example, goods and services are purchased and sold, credit is
extended to customers, debts are incurred, and cash is received and paid out.
These transactions are typical of business events which can be expressed in
monetary terms, and must be entered in accounting records. The mere statement of
an intent to buy goods or services in the future does not represent a
transaction. The term transaction refers to a completed action rather than to an
experted or possible future action.
The recording of a transaction may be performed in many ways, such as writing
with a pen or pencil, entering data through a computer keyboard, or passing
machine-readable price tags over an optical scanner.
Of course, not all business events can be objectively measured and described in
monetary terms. Therefore, we do not record in the accounting records such
events as the death of a key executive or a threat by a labor union to call a
strike.
Step 2 - classifying data. A complete record of all business activities useally
amounts to a huge volume of data - too large and diverse to be useful to
decision makers such as managers and investors. Therefore, the data must be
classified into related groups or categories of transactions. For example,
grouping together those transactions in which cash is received or paid out is a
logical step in developing useful information about the cash position of a
business.
Step 3 - summarizing the data. To be useful to decision makers, accounting data
generally must be highly summarized. A complete listing of the sales
transactions of a company such as Sears, for example, would be too long for
anyone to read. The employees responsible for ordering merchandise need sales
information summarized by product. Store managers will want sales information
summarized by department, while Sears' top management will want sales
information summarized by store. Outsiders, such as the company's stockholders
and the Internal Revenue Service, probably will be most interested in a single
sales figure which represents the total sales of the entire company.
These three steps we have described - recording, classifying, and summarizing -
are the means of creating accounting information. However, the accounting
process includes more than the creating of information. It also involves
communicating ths information to interested parties and interpreting accoung
information to help in the making of specific business decisions.
Often we will want to compare the financial statements of Company A with those
of Company B. From this comparison, we can determine which company is the more
profitable, which is financially stronger, and which offers the better chance of
future success. You can benefit personally by making this kind of analysis of a
company you are comsidering investing in - or going to work for.
An accounting system must provide information to managers and also to a number
of outsiders who have an interest in the financial activities of the business
enterprise. The major types of accounting reports which are developed by the
accounting system of a business enterprise and the parties receiving this
information are illustrated in the following diagram:
중간 그림 생략
The persons receiving accounting reports are termed the users of accounting
information. The type of information that a specific user will require depends
upon the kinds of decisions that person must make. For example, managers need
detailed information about daily operating costs for the purpose of controlling
the operations of the business and setting reasonable selling prices. Outsiders,
on the other hand, usually need summarized information concerning resources on
hand and information on operating results for the past year to use in making
investment decisions, imposing income taxes, or making regulatory decisions.
Since the information needs of various users differ, it follows that the
accounting system of a business entity must be able to provide various types of
accounting reports. The information in these reports must be presented in
accordance with certain "ground rules" and assumptions, so that users of the
reports will be able to interpret the information properly. For example, if a
report indictes that a business owns land with an accounting value of $90,000,
what does this dollar amount represent? Is it the original cost of the land to
the business, the current market value of the land, or the assessed value for
purposes of levying property taxes? Obviously the user of any accounting report
needs to understand the standards and assumptions which have been used in
preparing that report. In turn, the standards employed in the preparation of an
accounting report must relate to the information needs of the user.
Management Accounting and Financial Accounting
Financial accounting and management accounting would be better labeled as
eternal accounting and internal accounting, respectively. "Financial accounting"
emphasizes the preparation of reports of an organization for external users such
as banks and the investing public. "Management accounting" emphasizes the
preparation of reports of an organization for its internal users such as
presidents, deans, and head physicians.
Keep in mind that the same basic accounting system compiles the fundamental
data for both financial accounting and management accounting. Furthermore,
external forces (for example, income tax authorities and regulatory bodies, such
as the United States Securities and Exchange Commission and the California
Health Facility Commission) often limit management's choices of accounting
methods. Organizations frequently limp along with a system that has been
developed in response to the legal requirements imposed by external parties. In
short, many existing systems are primarily oriented toward external rather than
internal users.
Consider our cost-benefit theme that accounting systems are commodities like
steak or butter. As just noted, generally accepted accounting standards or
principles affect both internal and external accounting. However, change in
internal accounting is not inhibited by generally accepted financial accounting
standards. The managers who buy an internal accounting system can have anything
their hearts desire - as long as they are willing to pay the price. For
instance, for its own management purpose, a hospital, a manufacturer, or a
university can account for its assets on the basis of current values, as
measured by estimates of replacement costs. No outside agency can prohibit such
accouning.
There are no "generally accepted management accounting principles" that forbid
particular measurements. Indeed, the cist-benefit theme refrains from stating
that any given accounting is bad or good. Instead, the theme says that any
accounting system or method (no matter how crazy it appears at first glance) is
desirable as long as it brings incremental benefits in excess its incremental
costs.
Of course, satisfying internal demands for data (as well as external demands)
means that organizations may have to keep more than one set of records. At least
in the United States, there is nothing immoral or unethical about having many
simultaneous sets of books - but they are expensive. The cost-benefit test says
that their perceived increases in benefits must exceed their perceived increases
in costs. Ultimately, benefits are measured by whether better decisions are
forthcoming in the form of increased net cost savings or profit (or, in the case
of many nonprofit institutions, in the form of increased quality or quantity of
service rendered for each dollar spent).
The major distinctions between management accounting and financial accounting
are briefly enumerated below.
1. Primary users
Organization managers at various levels
Organization managers and outside parties such as investors and government
agencies
2. Freedom of choice
No constraints other than costs in relation to benefits of improved
management decision
constrained by generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP)
3. Behavior implications
Concern about how measuremnts and reports will influence managers daily
behvior
Concern about how th measure and communicate economic phenomena. Behavioral
impact is secondary
4. Time focus
Future orientation: formal use of budgets as well as historical records.
Example: 19X3 budget versus 19X3 actual performance
Past orientation: historical evaluation. Example: 19X3 actual versus 19X2
actual performance
5. Time span
Flexible. varying from hourly to ten or fifteen years
Less flexible one year or one quarter
6. Reports
Detailed reports: concern about details of parts of the entity, products,
department, territories, etc.
Summary reports: concern primarily with entity as a whole
7. Delineation of activities
Field is less sharply defined Heavier use of economics, decision sciences,
and behavioral sciences
Field is more sharply defined. Lighter use of related disciplines
One result of the foregoing differences in the accounting audience has been a
partitioning of the accounting process into a number of overlapping yet distinct
activities differentiated by the type of information being communicated and the
audience to whom it is reported. Exhibit 1.5 depicts this partitioning. The
center consists of all types of financial information about the acquisition,
financing, and use of resources. The spokes represent the major branches of
accounting, the reports they prepare, and the audiences they serve.
Financial Accounting. Our focal point will be the type of accounting activity
known as financial accounting. Its primary concern is the provision of
information to investors and other groups not directly involved in operating the
business or empowered to dictate the presentation and content of the report
prepared for them. Its output consists of general-purpose financial statements
directed at a variety of external users.
Exhibit 1.5 The Many Facets of Accounting
그림 생략
Of these, stockholders and creditors are dominant; other external parties are
assumed to share the informational needs of the direct investors.
Although specifically oriented to these external audiences, the reports of
financial accounting are of interest to practically all audiences. In addition,
the fundamental concepts of financial accounting provide a basis for the
recording process. For these two reasons, financial accounting provides a
natural starting point for our discussion.
Managerial Accounting. Unlike external audiences making decisions about the
business firm as a whole, management makes decisions about the resources within
the entity. Management directs the activities of the firm through its
acquisition and use of economic resources. To be sure, managers must grasp the
basic concepts of financial accounting. The financial statement are the
principal means that management uses to communicate the results of its endeavors
to external parties. Like all of us, managers are interested in what their
scorecards, the financial statements, reveal.
At the same time, managers need additional detailed information of a different
kind in making decisions about current and future operations. Financial
accounting reports primarily on "what is" and "what was." Internal management
needs to know "what will be" for planning purposes and "what should have been"
for control purposes. Managerial accounting consists of the additional
procedures and techniques for supplying detailed operating data and projections.
Regulatory Accounting. Regulatory agencies constantly call on accountants to
prepare a variety of special-purpose reports. They need these reports to judge
whether an enterprise is meeting its legal obligations and conforming to various
social and economic regulations issued by federal, state, and local governments.
The regulatory authorities usually are in a position to dectate exactly what
information they desire and how it is to be arranged. The informational needs of
these groups determine the varied specialized procedures which collectively are
referred to as regulatory accounting. To some extent the reports filed with the
Securities and Exchange Commission and with the stock exchanges parallel
financial accounting statements. Reports prepared for other regulatory agencies
have less in common.
Tax Accounting. This aspect of the accounting process covers the preparation of
records and reports necessary for the filing of tax returns. often different
from the concepts underlying financial accounting, tax regulations are a complex
set of ever-changing laws and rules. Keeping up to date on tax regulations and
their implications for business planning and decision making ranks high on the
list of tasks occupying accountants' energies. Because of their different
audience, their complexity, and their changeabilitu, detailed income tax reports
do not play an important role in this book. Nevertheless, we will be alert to
some possible distortions caused by the intrusion of tax concepts in the
measurement of business income.

답변자님,
정보를 공유해 주세요.
오타가 그리 많지는 않슴니다만
preparer은 직접 써보십시요
1. The basic objective of financial statements is to provide information useful for making economic decisions.
1. 재무 보고서들의 기초적인 목적은 경제의 결정들을 한다 것에 도움되는 정보를 제공하는 것이다.
2. An objective of financial statements is to serve primarily those users who have limited authority, ability, or resources to obtain information and who rely on financial statements as their principal source of information about an enterprise's economic activities.
2. 재무 보고서들의 목적은 정보를 얻기 위해 권위,능력 또는 자원들을 제한했던,그리고 기업의 경제의 활동들에 관한 정보의 그들의 주요한 근원으로서 재무 보고서들에 의지하는 주되게 그 사용자들의 응대를 하는 것이다.
3. An objective of financial statements is to provide information useful to investors and creditors for predicting, comparing, and evaluating potential cash flows to them in term terms of amount, timing, and related uncertainty.
3. 재무 보고서들의 목적은 총계,타이밍과 관련되는 불확실성의 용어 조건들으로 예측하고,비교하고,그들에 잠재적인 현금 흐름들을 평가한다 것 위해 투자가들와 채권자들에 있어서 유용한 정보를 제공하는 것이다.
4. An objective of financial statements is to provide users with information for predicting, comparing, and evaluating enterprise earning power.
4. 재무 보고서들의 목적은 힘을 낳고 있는 기업을 예측하고,비교하고,평가한다 것 위해 사용자들에게 정보를 제공하는 것이다.
5. An objective of financial statements is to supply information useful in judging management's ability to utilize enterprise resources effectively in achieving the primary enterprise goal.
5. 재무 보고서들의 목적은 주요한 기업 목표를 이룰 때에 효과적으로 기업 자원들을 이용하는 관리의 능력을 재판한다 것에 도움되는 정보를 공급하는 것이다.
6. An objective of financial statements is to provide factual and interpretive information about transactions and other events which is useful for predicting, comparing, and evaluating enterprise earning power.
6. 재무 보고서들의 목적은 처리들에 관한 사실이고 해석의 정보와 힘을 낳고 있는 기업을 예측하고,비교하고,평가한다 것에 도움되는 다른 행사들를 제공하는 것이다.
Basic underlying assumptions with respect to matters subject to interpretation, evaluation, prediction, or estimation should be disclosed.
해석,평가,예언 또는 평가에의 문제 주제에 관계하다 기초적인 근본적인 가정들은 드러내게 되어야 한다.
7. An objective is to provide a statement of financial position, useful for predicting, comparing, and evaluating enterprise earning power.
7. 목적은 재무 상태(힘을 낳고 있는 기업을 예측하고,비교하고,평가한다 것에 도움되는)의 성명을 제공하는 것이다.
This statement should provide information concerning enterprise transactions and other events that are part of incomplete earning cycles.
이 성명은 기업 처리들에 관한 정보와 불완전한 낳고 있는 주기들의 일부인 다른 행사들를 제공해야 한다.
Current values should also be reported when they differ significantly from historical costs.
그들이 의미심장하게 역사의 비용들과 다를 때 현재의 가치들는 또한 보고되어야 한다.
Assets and liabilities should be grouped or segregated by the relative uncertainty of the amount and timing of prospective realization or liquidation.
유산들과 책임들은 모으게 되어야 하거나,총계의 관련하고 있는 불확실과 미래의 실현 또는 청산의 타이밍에 의해 분리했다.
8. An objective is to provide a statement of periodic earnings useful for predicting, comparing, and evaluating enterprise earning power.
8. 목적은 힘을 낳고 있는 기업을 예측하고,비교하고,평가한다 것에 도움되는 주기적인 소득들의 성명을 제공하는 것이다.
The net result of completed earnings cycles and enterprise activities resulting in recognizable progress toward completion of incomplete cycles should be reported.
불완전한 주기들의 완성에의 인식할 수 있는 전진을 가져오고 있는 완료되었던 소득 주기들와 기업 활동들의 그물 결과는 보고되어야 한다.
Changes in the values reflected in successive statements of financial position should be reported, but separately, since they differ in terms of their certainty of realization.
재무 상태의 연속 성명들에 비치고 있는 가치들의 변화들는 보고되어야 한다.그러나 별도로,이후 그들은 실현의 그들의 확실성에 관해서 틀린다.
9. Another objective is to provide a statement of financial activities useful for predicting, comparing, and evaluating enterprise earning power.
9. 다른 하나의 목적은 힘을 낳고 있는 기업을 예측하고,비교하고,평가한다 것에 도움되는 재정적인 활동들의 성명을 제공하는 것이다.
This statement should report mainly on factual aspects of enterprise transactions having or expected to have significant cash consequences.
이 성명은 기업 처리들의 사실의 관점들에 관해 주로 가진다 것을 보고해야 하거나,중요한 현금 결과들를 가질 것을 예상했다.
This statement should report data that require minimal judgment and interpretation by the preparer.
이 성명은 preparer에 의해 최소의 판단과 해석을 필요로 하는 자료들를 보고해야 한다.
10. An objective of financial statements is to provide information useful for the predictive process.
10. 재무 보고서들의 목적은 예언의 처리에 도움되는 정보를 제공하는 것이다.
Financial forecasts should be provided when they will enhance the reliability of user's predictions.
그들이 사용자의 예언들의 신뢰성을 개량할것일 때 재정적인 예상들은 제공되어야 한다.
11. An objective of financial statements for governmental and not-for-profit organizations is to provide information useful for evaluating the effectiveness of the management of resources in achieving the organization's goals.
11. 정부이고 비영리의 조직들을 위한 재무 보고서들의 목적은 조직들의 목표들를 이룰 때에 자원들의 관리의 효과를 평가한다 것에 도움되는 정보를 제공하는 것이다.
Performance measures should be quantified in terms of identified goals.
실행 대책들은 확인되었던 목표들에 관해서 분량을 정하게 되어야 한다.
12. An objective of financial statements is to report on those activities of the enterprise that affect society which can be determined and described or measured and which are important to the role of the enterprise in its social environment.
12. 재무 보고서들의 목적은 결정될 수 있거나,기술하게 될 수 있거나,측정될 수 있는 사회에 영향을 끼치는,그리고 그 사회적인 환경에서 기업의 배역에 있어서 중요한 기업의 그 활동들에 대해 보고하는 것이다.
Research Director and the administrative Director, respectively, of the staff for the study group.
공부 모임을 위한 직원의 조사 담당 중역과,각각,관리상의 디렉터.
Exhibit 1.1 shows the arrangement of sorter and sans.
전시 1.1는 소터의 정돈을 나타낸다,그리고 없이.
The Anton structuring agrees with Sorter and Gans on most major points.
조립하는 것은 대부분의 주요한 점들에 Sorter와 Gans로 동의하는 안톤.
EXHIBIT 1.1 Hierarchy of Objectives
목적들의 1.1의 계층을 전람해라
Funtions of Accounting
설명한다 것 Funtions
An accounting system consists of the methods, procedures, and devices used by an entity to keep track of its financial activities and to summarize these activities in a manner useful to decision makers.
회계 시스템은 방법들으로 이루어져 있다,과정들과 장치들가 그 재정적인 활동들의 정보를 계속 얻고,어떤 의미에서는 의사 결정자들에 있어서 유용한 이 활동들을 요약하기 위해 실재에 의해 사용된다.
To accomplish these objectives, an accounting system may make use of computers and video displays as well as handwritten records and reports printed on paper.
이 목적들을 달성하기 위해,회계 시스템은 명필의 기록들뿐만아니라 컴퓨터와 비디오 모니타들를 사용할지도 모른다,그리고 보고서들는 서류상으로는 인쇄했다.
In fact, the accounting system for any sizable business is likely to include all these records and devices.
실제,어떤 상당한 크기의 사업이라도 위한 회계 시스템은 모든 이 기록들과 장치들를 포함할 것 같다.
Regardless of whether the accounting system is simple or sophisticated, three basic steps must be performed as data concerning financial activities is collected and processed - the data must be recorded, classified, and appropriately summarized.
회계 시스템이 단순하거나 세련되느냐지에도 불구하여,재정적인 활동들에 관한 자료들가 모으게 되고,처리되는 것처럼 3개의 기초적인 스텝들은 실행되어야 한다-자료들는 기록되어야 하고,분류되어야 하고,적절하게 요약되어야 한다.
Step 1 - recording financial activity.
스텝 1(기록하는 재정적인 활동).
The first function of an accounting system is to create a systematic record of the daily business activity, in terms of money.
회계 시스템의 첫번째 기능은,돈에 관해서,매일의 사업 활동의 조직적인 기록을 만드는 것이다.
For example, goods and services are purchased and sold, credit is extended to customers, debts are incurred, and cash is received and paid out.
예를 들면,상품들과 서비스는 구입되고,팔았다,신용은 고객들까지 펴진다,부채들는 지게 된다,그리고 현금은 받게 되고,밖으로 지불했다.
These transactions are typical of business events which can be expressed in monetary terms, and must be entered in accounting records.
이 처리들는 금융의 조건들으로 나타내게 될 수 있고,설명하고 있는 기록들에서 넣을 수 있어야 하는 사업 행사들를 대표한다.
The mere statement of an intent to buy goods or services in the future does not represent a transaction.
장래 상품들 또는 서비스를 사는 의지의 단순한 성명은 처리를 표현하지 않는다.
The term transaction refers to a completed action rather than to an exported or possible future action.
용어 처리는 수출되거나 가능한 장래의 움직임에 보다 오히려 완료되었던 움직임에 언급한다.
The recording of a transaction may be performed in many ways, such as writing with a pen or pencil, entering data through a computer keyboard, or passing machine-readable price tags over an optical scanner.
펜 또는 연필으로 쓰는 것 같은,처리의 녹음은 다양한 방법으로 실행될지도 모른다,컴퓨터 키보드를 통한 자료들를 넣거나,기계 읽을 수 있는 가격표들를 광학 스캐너의 위에 움직이게 한다.
Of course, not all business events can be objectively measured and described in monetary terms.
물론,모든 사업 행사들는 객관적으로 측정될 수 없고,금융의 조건들으로 기술하게 될 수 없다.
Therefore, we do not record in the accounting records such events as the death of a key executive or a threat by a labor union to call a strike.
그러므로,우리들은 설명하는 것은 스트라이크라고 부르는 노동 조합에 의해 중요한 경영자 또는 위협의 죽음으로서 그런 행사들를 기록한다이라고 하는 것을 중에서 기록하지 않는다.
Step 2 - classifying data.
스텝 2(자료들를 분류하는 것).
A complete record of all business activities usually amounts to a huge volume of data - too large and diverse to be useful to decision makers such as managers and investors.
모든 사업 활동들의 완전한 기록은 보통 자료들(또한 크고 매니저들와 투자가들같은 의사 결정자들에 있어서 유용하기 위해 다양한)의 거대한 음량에 상응한다.
Therefore, the data must be classified into related groups or categories of transactions.
그러므로,자료들는 관련되는 모임들에의 광고 또는 처리들의 범주들일것임에 틀림없다.
For example, grouping together those transactions in which cash is received or paid out is a logical step in developing useful information about the cash position of a business.
예를 들면,현금이 받게 되거나,밖으로 지불했던 그 처리들를 정리하는 것은 사업의 캐시 포지션에 관한 유용한 정보를 개발한다 것에 있어서의 논리적인 스텝이다.
Step 3 - summarizing the data.
스텝 3(자료들를 요약하는 것).
To be useful to decision makers, accounting data generally must be highly summarized.
의사 결정자들에 있어서 유용하기 위해,설명하고 있는 자료는 일반적으로 매우 요약되어야 한다.
A complete listing of the sales transactions of a company such as Sears, for example, would be too long for anyone to read.
예를 들면,시아스같은 회사의 판매의 처리들의 완전한 리스트는 누군가가 읽기에는 너무나 길것이다.
The employees responsible for ordering merchandise need sales information summarized by product.
상품을 주문한다 것 위해 책임이 있는 사원들은 제품에 의해 요약되는 판매의 정보를 필요로 하다.
Store managers will want sales information summarized by department, while Sears' top management will want sales information summarized by store.
가게 매니저들는 시아스의 최고의 관리가 가게 옆에서 요약되는 판매의 정보를 원할것인 동안 부에 의해 요약되는 판매의 정보를 원할것이다.
Outsiders, such as the company's stockholders and the internal revenue service, probably will be most interested in a single sales figure which represents the total sales of the entire company.
회사의 주주들와 내국세 수입 서비스같은 아마,타관 사람들은 전 회사의 총 판매를 표현하는 혼자의 판매의 명사에 가장 흥미를 가질것이다.
These three steps we have described - recording, classifying, and summarizing
우리들이 기술했던 이 3 스텝들(기록하고,분류하고,요약하는 것)
-
-
are the means of creating accounting information.
설명하고 있는 정보를 만든다 것 수단이다.
However, the accounting process includes more than the creating of information.
그러나,설명하고 있는 처리는 정보를 만든다 것보다 그 이상을 포함한다.
It also involves communicating this information to interested parties and interpreting accounting information to help in the making of specific business decisions.
그것도 이 정보를 이해 관계자들에게 알리고,특정의 사업 결정들을 하는 것을 거들기 위해 설명하고 있는 정보를 해석하는 것을 포함한다.
Often we will want to compare the financial statements of Company A with those of Company B. From this comparison, we can determine which company is the more profitable, which is financially stronger, and which offers the better chance of future success.
자주 우리들은 재무 보고서들를 비교하고 싶을것이다 의 사 Company B. From의 그것들으로 A 이 비교,우리들은 회사가 어느 쪽이냐에 관해 결정할수 있다 더 유익한,그리고 그것은 더 강해 재정적으로이다,그리고.그것은 장래의 성공의 더 충분한 가능성을 제공한다.
You can benefit personally by making this kind of analysis of a company you are considering investing in - or going to work for.
당신은 개인적으로 이 종류의 당신이 투자한다 것을 고려하고 있는 회사의 분석을 한다 것으로 이익을 얻을수 있다,또한,일에 착수하는 것.
An accounting system must provide information to managers and also to a number of outsiders who have an interest in the financial activities of the business enterprise.
회계 시스템은 매니저들에,또한,사업 기업의 재정적인 활동들에 대한 관심이 있는 많은 타관 사람들에 정보를 제공해야 한다.
The major types of accounting reports which are developed by the accounting system of a business enterprise and the parties receiving this information are illustrated in the following diagram:
주요한 종류들의 사업 기업의 회계 시스템과 이 정보를 받고 있는 파티들에 의해 개발되는 설명하고 있는 보고서들는 이하의 도형에서 도시된다:
The persons receiving accounting reports are termed the users of accounting information.
설명하고 있는 보고서들를 수취하고 있는 사람들은 설명하고 있는 정보의 사용자들라고 부르게 된다.
The type of information that a specific user will require depends upon the kinds of decisions that person must make.
특정의 사용자가 요구할것이다라고 하는 정보의 형은 사람이 만들어야 하는 결정들의 종류에게 의존한다.
For example, managers need detailed information about daily operating costs for the purpose of controlling the operations of the business and setting reasonable selling prices.
예를 들면,매니저들는 사업의 가동들을 제어하고,합리적인 가격들을 설정하는 목적으로 매일의 운영 경비들에 관한 상세한 정보를 필요로 하다.
Outsiders, on the other hand, usually need summarized information concerning resources on hand and information on operating results for the past year to use in making investment decisions, imposing income taxes, or making regulatory decisions.
다른 방향,타관 사람들은 수중에 자원들에 관해서 보통 요약되었던 정보를 필요로 하다,그리고 움직인다 것에 관한 정보는 투자 결정들을 하거나,소득세들를 강요하거나,정규화하는 결정들을 할 때에 사용에 작년 동안 일어난다.
Since the information needs of various users differ, it follows that the accounting system of a business entity must be able to provide various types of accounting reports.
여러 가지 사용자들의 정보 필요성들이 틀리는 이래로,사업 실재의 회계 시스템이 여러 가지 종류들의 설명하고 있는 보고서들를 제공할 수 있을것임에 틀림없게 된다.
The information in these reports must be presented in accordance with certain "ground rules" and assumptions, so that users of the reports will be able to interpret the information properly.
보고서들의 사용자들가 바르게 정보를 해석할 수 있을것일수 있게,이 보고서들의 정보는 어떤“그라운드 룰들”과 가정들과 일치하여 제출받아야 한다.
For example, if a report indicates that a business owns land with an accounting value of $90,000, what does this dollar amount represent?
만일 보고서가 사업이 90,000달러의 설명하고 있는 가치로 땅을 소유하는 것을 가리키면 예를 위해 이 달러 총계는 무엇을 표현하느냐?
Is it the original cost of the land to the business, the current market value of the land, or the assessed value for purposes of levying property taxes?
그것은 사업에의 땅이나,땅의 현재의 시장 가격이나 재산세들를 징집한다 것 목적들을 위한 과세되었던 가치의 최초의 비용이냐?
Obviously the user of any accounting report needs to understand the standards and assumptions which have been used in preparing that report.
분명하게 어떤 설명하고 있는 보고서이라도의 사용자는 표준들을 이해할 필요가 있다,그리고 저것을 준비할 때에 사용되었던 가정들은 보고한다.
In turn, the standards employed in the preparation of an accounting report must relate to the information needs of the user.
순번대로,설명하고 있는 보고서의 준비에 종사하는 표준들은 사용자의 정보 필요성들에 관련이 있어야 한다.
Management Accounting and Financial Accounting
설명하고 있는 관리와 재무 회계
Financial accounting and management accounting would be better labeled as eternal accounting and internal accounting, respectively.
각각,설명하고 있는 재무 회계와 관리는 더 잘 영원한 설명하고 있고 내부의 회계로서 분류될 것이다.
"Financial accounting" emphasizes the preparation of reports of an organization for external users such as banks and the investing public.
“재무 회계”는 은행들과 투자하고 있는 대중같은 외부의 사용자들를 위해 조직의 보고서들의 준비를 강조한다.
"Management accounting" emphasizes the preparation of reports of an organization for its internal users such as presidents, deans, and head physicians.
“설명하고 있는 관리”는 대통령들,수석 사제들와 헤드 의사들같은 그 내부의 사용자들를 위해 조직의 보고서들의 준비를 강조한다.
Keep in mind that the same basic accounting system compiles the fundamental data for both financial accounting and management accounting.
같은 기초적인 회계 시스템이 둘 다 재무 회계를 위한 기본적인 자료들와 설명하고 있는 관리를 편집하는 것을 마음에 두라.
Furthermore, external forces (for example, income tax authorities and regulatory bodies, such as the United States Securities and Exchange Commission and the California Health Facility Commission) often limit management's choices of accounting methods.
더욱이,외부의 힘(예를 들면,소득세 당국들과,미국 증권 거래 위원회와 캘리포니아 Health Facility Commission같은,정규화하는 신체들)은 자주 설명하고 있는 방법들의 관리의 선택들을 제한한다.
Organizations frequently limp along with a system that has been developed in response to the legal requirements imposed by external parties.
외부의 파티들에 의해 강요되는 법적인 필요 조건들에 대응하여 개발되었던 시스템과 함께 조직들은 자주 음률이 흐트러진다.
In short, many existing systems are primarily oriented toward external rather than internal users.
요컨대,많은 기존의 시스템들은 주되게 내부이다고 하기 보다는 오히려 외부의 사용자들의 쪽으로 향하고 있다.
Consider our cost-benefit theme that accounting systems are commodities like steak or butter.
회계 시스템들이 스테이크 또는 버터 같은 상품들인 우리 비용-이익 주제를 고려해라.
As just noted, generally accepted accounting standards or principles affect both internal and external accounting.
바로 주의받는 것처럼,일반적으로 인정된 설명하고 있는 표준들 또는 원리들는 내부이고 외부의 회계에 영향을 끼친다.
However, change in internal accounting is not inhibited by generally accepted financial accounting standards.
그러나,내부이어 설명한다 것의 변화는 일반적으로 인정된 재무 회계 표준들에 의해 금지되지 않는다.
The managers who buy an internal accounting system can have anything their hearts desire - as long as they are willing to pay the price.
내부의 회계 시스템을 사는 매니저들는 그들이 가격을 지불하고 싶어하는한 그들의 마음들이 요구하는 무엇이라도 가질수 있다.
For instance, for its own management purpose, a hospital, a manufacturer, or a university can account for its assets on the basis of current values, as measured by estimates of replacement costs.
예를 들면,자신의 관리 목적을 위해,교체 원가들의 평가들에 의해 측정되는 것처럼 병원,제조업자 또는 대학교는 현재의 가치들를 기초로 하여 그 유산들을 설명할수 있다.
No outside agency can prohibit such accounting.
바깥쪽의 대리점은 그런 회계를 금지할수 없다.
There are no "generally accepted management accounting principles" that forbid particular measurements.
“일반적으로 관리 회계 원칙들을 받았게 되었던”그렇게 금하게하고 있는 특별한 측정들이 없다.
Indeed, the cost-benefit theme refrains from stating that any given accounting is bad or good.
정말로,비용-이익 주제는 어떤 줘졌던 회계라도 나쁘거나 좋다라고 진술한다 것을 삼간다.
Instead, the theme says that any accounting system or method (no matter how crazy it appears at first glance) is desirable as long as it brings incremental benefits in excess its incremental costs.
그 대신에,주제는 그것이 과도히 증가하는 이익들에 그 증가하는 비용들을 가지고 오는한 어떤 회계 시스템이라도 또는 방법(그것이 첫눈에 얼마나 미치는 것처럼 보이는)이 바람직하다라고 말한다.
Of course, satisfying internal demands for data (as well as external demands) means that organizations may have to keep more than one set of records.
물론,자료들(또 외부의 요구들로서)의 내부의 수요들를 만족하게 하는 것은 조직들이 기록들의 1개 이상의 세트를 유지해야 할지도 모르는 것을 의미한다.
At least in the United States, there is nothing immoral or unethical about having many simultaneous sets of books - but they are expensive.
아메리카 합중국의 최소의 것에,부도덕하거나 비윤리적인 아무것도 책의 많은 동시에 일어나는 세트들를 가지는 것 에 관해 없다.그러나 그들은 비싸다.
The cost-benefit test says that their perceived increases in benefits must exceed their perceived increases in costs.
비용들-이익들 시험은 이익들의 그들의 지각되었던 증가들가 비용들의 점에서 그들의 지각되었던 증가들보다 뛰어나야 한다라고 말한다.
Ultimately, benefits are measured by whether better decisions are forthcoming in the form of increased net cost savings or profit (or, in the case of many nonprofit institutions, in the form of increased quality or quantity of service rendered for each dollar spent).
최종적이게,이익들은 더 좋은 결정들이 증가되었던 그물 비용 저금들이나 이익(또는,증가되었던 품질 또는 양의 형태의 많은 비영리의 제도들의 경우,써지는 각 달러에 대하고 보답되는 서비스의)의 형태로 이 다음의지에 의해 측정된다.
The major distinctions between management accounting and financial accounting are briefly enumerated below.
설명하고 있는 관리와 재무 회계의 주요한 차이들는 간단히 아래로 열거된다.
1. Primary users Organization managers at various levels Organization managers and outside parties such as investors and government agencies
1. 여러 가지 수준 조직 매니저들에서의 주요한 사용자 조직 매니저들와 투자가들와 정부 기관들같은 바깥쪽의 파티들
2. Freedom of choice No constraints other than costs in relation to benefits of improved management decision constrained by generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP)
2. 개선되었던 관리 결정의 이익들에 관계하다 비용들이외의 제약들이 일반적으로 인정된 회계 원칙들(GAAP)에 의해 강요하지 않았던 선택의 자유
3. Behavior implications Concern about how measurements and reports will influence managers daily behavior Concern about how the measure and communicate economic phenomena.
3. 행동 관련성들은 법안에 측정들과 보고서들가 방법에 대한 매니저 매일의 행동 관심에 영향을 줄것인 방법을 걱정시키고,경제의 현상들을 전한다.
Behavioral impact is secondary 4.
행동의 영향은 대리자 4이다.
Time focus Future orientation:
초점 Future 오리엔테이션의 시간을 잰다:
formal use of budgets as well as historical records.
역사의 기록들뿐만아니라 예산들의 형식적인 사용.
Example: 19X3 budget versus 19X3 actual performance Past orientation:
Example: 19X3 실제의 실행 과거의 오리엔테이션대립 19X3 예산:
historical evaluation.
역사의 평가.
Example:
예:
19X3 actual versus 19X2 actual performance 5.
19X2 실제의 실행 5대립 19X3 다큐멘터리.
Time span Flexible. varying from hourly to ten or fifteen years Less flexible one year or one quarter 6.
시간은 10의 15의 년까지 1시간마다 변화하고 있는 Flexible.에 미친다 적당히 해라 유연한 1 년 또는 6.25.
Reports Detailed reports:
Detailed하게 된 보고서들를 보고한다:
concern about details of parts of the entity, products, department, territories, etc.
실재,제품들,부,영토들,기타의 일부들에 대한 상세한 설명들에 대한 관심
Summary reports:
개요는 보고한다:
concern primarily with entity as a whole 7.
주되게 전체 7으로서의 실재와의 관계.
Delineation of activities Field is less sharply defined Heavioer use of economics, decision sciences, and behavioral sciences Field is more sharply defined.
활동 필드의 묘사는 경제학(결정 과학들)의 더 적은 날카롭게 정의되었던 Heavior 사용이다,그리고 행동 과학 필드는 더 날카롭게 정의된다.
Lighter use of related disciplines
관련되는 규율들의 더 가벼운 사용
One result of the foregoing differences in the accounting audience has been a partitioning of the accounting process into a number of overlapping yet distinct activities differentiated by the type of information being communicated and the audience to whom it is reported.
설명하고 있는 청중의 앞서 말한 차이들의 1개의 결과는 이었다 분할한다 전하게 되고 있는 정보와 그것이 보고되는 청중의 형에 의해 차이를 인정하게 되는 많은 겹쳐지고 있는 것 지만 별개의 활동들에의 설명하고 있는 처리 의.
Exhibit 1.5 depicts this partitioning.
전시 1.5는 이 분할한다 것을 묘사한다.
The center consists of all types of financial information about the acquisition, financing, and use of resources.
센터는 모든 종류들의 획득,금융과 자원들의 사용에 관한 재정적인 정보로 이루어져 있다.
The spokes represent the major branches of accounting, the reports they prepare, and the audiences they serve.
스포크들는 설명한다 것 주요한 부문들,그들이 준비하는 보고서들와 그들이 봉사하는 청중들을 대표한다.
Financial Accounting.
재정적인 Accounting.
Our focal point will be the type of accounting activity known as financial accounting.
우리 초점은 재무 회계로서 알려지는 설명하고 있는 활동의 형일것이다.
Its primary concern is the provision of information to investors and other groups not directly involved in operating the business or empowered to dictate the presentation and content of the report prepared for them.
그 주요한 관심은 투자가들에의 정보와 직접 사업을 조작한다 것에 관계하지 않고 있거나,프리젠테이션을 구술하기 위해 권한을 풔지지 않는 다른 모임들의 준비이다,그리고 보고서의 내용은 그들에 대비했다.
Its output consists of general-purpose financial statements directed at a variety of external users.
그 출력은 여러 가지 외부의 사용자들에 향하게 되는 다목적 재무 보고서들로 이루어져 있다.
Exhibit 1.5 The Many Facets of Accounting
전시 1.5 꽤 많은 수의 설명한다 것 한면
Of these, stockholders and creditors are dominant;
이것들의 안에서,주주들와 채권자들는 지배적이다;
other external parties are assumed to share the informational needs of the direct investors.
다른 외부의 파티들는 직접의 투자가들의 정보를 주는 필요성들을 공유한다고 가정하게 된다.
Although specifically oriented to these external audiences, the reports of financial accounting are of interest to practically all audiences.
특히 비록 이 외부의 청중들으로 기울어지지만,재무 회계의 보고서들는 실제적으로 모든 청중들에 중요하다.
In addition, the fundamental concepts of financial accounting provide a basis for the recording process.
그것에 포함하고,재무 회계의 기본적인 개념들은 기록하는 처리의 근거를 제공한다.
For these two reasons, financial accounting provides a natural starting point for our discussion.
이 2개의 이유들를 위해,재무 회계는 우리 의논을 위해 자연의 출발점을 제공한다.
Managerial Accounting.
관리인의 Accounting.
Unlike external audiences making decisions about the business firm as a whole, management makes decisions about the resources within the entity.
전체로 굳은 사업에 관해 결정들을 하고 있는 외부의 청중들과 달라,관리는 실재내에서 자원들에 관해 결정들을 한다.
Management directs the activities of the firm through its acquisition and use of economic resources.
관리는 그 획득을 통하여 굳은 것 의 활동들과 경제의 자원들의 사용을 지도한다.
To be sure, managers must grasp the basic concepts of financial accounting.
확실하게,매니저들는 재무 회계의 기초적인 개념들을 쥐어야 한다.
The financial statement are the principal means that management uses to communicate the results of its endeavors to external parties.
재정적인 성명은 주역이 저 관리 사용들을 외부의 파티들에 그 노력들의 결과들를 전한다고 정한다라는 것이다.
Like all of us, managers are interested in what their scorecards, the financial statements, reveal.
우리들 전원 같아,매니저들는 그들의 스코어카드들(재무 보고서들)가 밝혀내는 것에 흥미가 있다.
At the same time, managers need additional detailed information of a different kind in making decisions about current and future operations.
동시에,매니저들는 현재이고 장래의 가동들에 관해 결정들을 할 때에 다른 종류의 추가의 상세한 정보를 필요로 하다.
Financial accounting reports primarily on "what is" and "what was."
재무 회계는 주되게“그런 것”과“그댔던 것에 대해 보고한다.”
Internal management needs to know "what will be" for planning purposes and "what should have been" for control purposes.
내부의 관리는 목적들을 계획한다 것 위해“의지가인 것”을 알 필요가 있다,그리고“해야 하는 것이 있었다”제어 목적들 을 위해.
Managerial accounting consists of the additional procedures and techniques for supplying detailed operating data and projections.
관리인이어 설명하는 것은 추가의 과정들과 상세한 조작의 자료들와 투영들을 공급한다 것의 기술들으로 이루어져 있다.
Regulatory Accounting.
정규화하는 Accounting.
Regulatory agencies constantly call on accountants to prepare a variety of special-purpose reports.
정규화하는 대리점들은 여러 가지 특별한 목적 보고서들를 준비하기 위해 끊임없이 회계원들을 방문한다.
They need these reports to judge whether an enterprise is meeting its legal obligations and conforming to various social and economic regulations issued by federal, state, and local governments.
그들은 기업이 그 법적인 의무들를 다하고 있는지 판단하기 위해 이 보고서들를 필요로 하다,그리고 여러 가지 사회적이고 경제의 규칙들에 따르는 것은 연방이고,주립이고 지방의 정부들에 의해 나왔다.
The regulatory authorities usually are in a position to delicate exactly what information they desire and how it is to be arranged.
정규화하는 권위자들가 보통 위치에 있다 위하여 정확하게 섬세한 그들이 요구하는,그리고 그것이 있는 정보가 배열했던 것.
The informational needs of these groups determine the varied specialized procedures which collectively are referred to as regulatory accounting.
이 모임들의 정보를 주는 필요성들은 집합적으로 정규화해 설명한다 것으로 부르게 되는 여러 모양의 전문적인 과정들을 결정한다.
To some extent the reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and with the stock exchanges parallel financial accounting statements.
어느 정도까지 보고서들는 증권 거래 위원회와 함께,그리고 증권 거래소들로 평행의 재무 회계 성명들을 일으켰다.
Reports prepared for other regulatory agencies have less in common.
보고서들는 정규화하는 대리점들이 보통이어 더 적도록 하는 다른 한편에 대비했다.
Tax Accounting.
세금 Accounting.
This aspect of the accounting process covers the preparation of records and reports necessary for the filing of tax returns. often different from the concepts underlying financial accounting, tax regulations are a complex set of ever-changing laws and rules.
설명하고 있는 처리의 이 관점은 기록들과 소득 신고들의 철하기에 필요한 보고서들의 준비를 덮는다 자주 달리 재무 회계의 기초 하고 있는 개념들으로부터.세금 규칙들은 끊임없이 변하는 법률들과 규칙들의 복잡한 세트이다.
Keeping up to date on tax regulations and their implications for business planning and decision making ranks high on the list of tasks occupying accountants' energies.
사업 계획과 의사 결정을 위해 세금 규칙들과 그들의 관련성들 위에 최신이게 하고 있은 것은 회계원의 에너지를 차지하고 있는 작업들의 리스트 위에 높이에 랭크를 붙인다.
Because of their different audience, their complexity, and their changeability, detailed income tax reports do not play an important role in this book.
그들의 다른 청중,그들의 복잡과 그들의 변화하기쉬움때문에,상세한 소득세 보고서들는 이 책에 있어서 중요한 역할을 하지 않는다.
Nevertheless, we will be alert to some possible distortions caused by the intrusion of tax concepts in the measurement of business income.
그럼에도 불구하고,우리들은 사업 소득의 측정에서 세금 개념들의 침입에 기인하는 가능한 약간의 찌그러뜨림들에 조심할것이다.
2005.09.27.
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